Investigation of Traffic Signs Understanding - Eye Tracking Case Study

Traffic signs as part of traffic control plan inform traffic participants about road conditions, dangers, limitations and other information needed for their safety on the road. The meaning of traffic signs is defined by their shape, colour and symbol. The quality of the symbol design, manifested in its simplicity and clarity, can influence the understanding of the traffic signs thus affecting the perception. The aim of the study is to investigate, using eye tracking system, the understanding of warning and mandatory signs based on relevant and measurable eye movements: total visit duration, visit count, average fixation duration and fixation count. It was found that the participants, in order to understand signs, tend to detain longer, more often look back and have more fixations on signs whose meaning is not understood. The results also show that more experienced drivers usually base their understanding on experience thus understanding faster and with less number of fixations as opposed to younger drivers

The Impact of Mobile Phone Use on Young Drivers\u27 Driving Behaviour and Visual Scanning of the Environment

Driver distraction has been identified as a contributing factor to road crashes, among which the most common is the use of mobile phones while driving. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to analyse the behaviour of young drivers while they use mobile phones (answering a telephone call, texting, and browsing the internet) and drive in a simulated urban environment. In total 28 volunteers participated in the study. Several variables were recorded for each participant: driving speed, acceleration, deceleration, and eye movement. The results show that the difference in driving speed, acceleration, and deceleration was relatively small for each task and for the control condition (no use of mobile phone). However, when looking at the total time required for conducting each task, participants spent 26.44% of the time looking at the phone when texting, 37.01% when browsing the internet, and 2.27% when talking on the phone. In addition, participants viewed on average 66.45% traffic signs when distracted, compared to 79.22% during undistracted driving. Based on the results, a proactive approach to reduce the problem related to the use of mobile phones while driving is proposed

Possibilities of Optimizing Distribution Network of the Production Company by Applying Mathematical Model

U današnje vrijeme postoji ogromna konkurencija koja od svih poduzeća zahtjeva stalna unaprjeđenja poslovanja, podizanje razine kvalitete proizvoda i usluga, te racionalizaciju troškova. To se posebno odnosi na distribuciju robe, zbog globalizacije koja je već dugo prisutna i traži prilagodbe ovisno o strateškim ciljevima poduzeća i zahtjevima kupaca. Izradom matematičkih modela mogu se opisati logistički sustavi distribucije robe, te se njihovim optimiziranjem mogu dobiti logistička rješenja za unaprjeđenje funkcioniranja postojećih realnih logističkih sustava.At the present time there is a huge competition that demands from all companies constant improvement of business, such as raising the quality of products and services or rationalization of costs. This particularly applies to the distribution of goods, because of globalization which has long been present, and requires adjustment depending on the strategic goals of the company and the customer's requirements. By creating mathematical models whitch describe logistics systems of distribution of goods, and their optimization can get the logistics solutions for improving existing logistics systems

Alatni strojevi za visokobrzinsku obradu

Visokobrzinska obrada je jedna od modernih tehnologija, iako ne spada u novija istraživačka područja. U odnosu na konvencionalne postupke obrade odvajanjem čestica, visokobrzinska obrada omogućuje povećanje proizvodnosti, točnosti i kvalitete izradaka. Također, smanjuje se vrijeme i troškovi obrade. Primjena visokobrzinske obrade nije bila moguća sve do razvitka modernih visokodinamičkih alatnih strojeva. Glavne odlike strojeva za visokobrzinsku obradu su modularna gradnja i visoka krutost. To su iznimno kvalitetni strojevi koji omogućuju primjenu vrlo visokih brzina rezanja i visokih posmičnih brzina. Alatni strojevi za visokobrzinsku obradu su temelj moderne proizvodnje koja omogućuje konkurentnost poduzeća na tržištu

Road markings service life prediction model

Oznake na kolniku predstavljaju dio prometne signalizacije koji korištenjem i kombinacijom crta, natpisa i simbola oblikuje prometnu površinu te daje informacije vezane uz vizualno vođenje sudionika u prometu. Kako su oznake na kolniku u centralnom vidnom polju vozača, predstavljaju značajan element koji doprinosi sigurnosti prometa. Da bi oznake mogle izvršavati svoju funkciju i pridonijeti povećanju sigurnosti prometa, one moraju biti vidljive, posebno u uvjetima smanjene vidljivosti. Iz navedenih razloga vidljivost oznaka na kolniku predstavlja, za sigurnost cestovnoga prometa, njihovu najvažniju karakteristiku te se na temelju nje određuje ciklus održavanja odnosno obnavljanja oznaka na kolniku. U ovom su doktorskom radu razvijeni modeli za predviđanje trajanja oznaka na kolniku za tri najčešće korištena materijala, a to su: boje na bazi otapala, termoplastika te hladna strukturirana plastika. Istraživanje se temelji na podatcima koji su dobiveni mjerenjima vidljivosti odnosno retrorefleksije oznaka na kolniku primjenom suvremene dinamičke metode mjerenja retrorefleksije oznaka. Osim retrorefleksije, a s ciljem dobivanja točnih i preciznih modela, na temelju postojeće literature identificirani su relevantni čimbenici koji utječu na degradaciju retrorefleksije oznaka, a time i na njihovo trajanje. Ti su čimbenici sljedeći: starost i položaj oznake, prosječan godišnji dnevni promet, aktivnosti zimske službe i prosječno ograničenje brzine na cestama. Njihov je utjecaj na trajanje oznaka detaljno statistički analiziran. Istraživanje je ukupno obuhvatilo 115 oznaka koje su izvedene bojom na bazi otapala ukupne duljine 5 218 km, 30 termoplastičnih oznaka ukupne duljine 579 km te 30 oznaka koje su izvedene hladnom strukturiranom plastikom ukupne duljine 497,9 km. Na temelju statističke analize utjecaja pojedinih čimbenika na trajanje navedenih materijala za izvođenje oznaka na kolniku razvijeni su modeli predviđanja trajanja oznaka na kolniku. Razvijeni su modeli pokazali zadovoljavajuću točnost te ih se kao takve može učinkovito koristiti za optimizaciju aktivnosti održavanja oznaka na kolniku s ciljem povećanja cestovne sigurnosti i racionalizacije troškova održavanja.Road markings are part of traffic signalization that form the road surface by using and combining lines, signs and symbols and provide information concerning visual guidance to road users. Since they are positioned in the drivers’ central field of vision, road markings are an important element contributing to road safety. In order to perform their function and contribute to the increase of road safety, road markings have to be visible, especially under low visibility conditions. It is precisely for these reasons that road markings visibility represents their most important characteristic for road safety, based on which the cycle of maintenance or renewal of road markings is determined. In this doctoral thesis models have been developed to predict service life of road markings for three most frequently used materials: solventborne paint, thermoplastic and cold structural plastic. The research is based on the data obtained by measuring visibility, that is, retroreflection of road markings by means of a contemporary dynamic method for measuring road markings retroreflection. In addition to retroreflection and in order to obtain accurate and precise models, based on the existing literature, relevant factors have been identified that affect the degradation of road markings retroreflection and thus their service life. Such factors include: road marking age and position, average annual daily traffic, winter maintenance activities and average speed limit on the road. Their impact on the road markings service life has been statistically analysed in detail. The research comprised in total 115 road markings applied in solventborne paint in total length of 5 218 km, 30 thermoplastic road markings in total length of 579 km and 30 cold structural plastic road markings in total length of 497,9 km. Models for predicting the service life of road markings have been developed based on the statistical analysis of the impact of individual factors on the durability of the stated materials used for application of road markings. The developed models have shown a satisfactory accuracy and as such, they can be efficiently used to optimize road maintenance activities, ultimately aimed at increasing road safety and rationalize maintenance costs

Possibilities of Optimizing Distribution Network of the Production Company by Applying Mathematical Model

U današnje vrijeme postoji ogromna konkurencija koja od svih poduzeća zahtjeva stalna unaprjeđenja poslovanja, podizanje razine kvalitete proizvoda i usluga, te racionalizaciju troškova. To se posebno odnosi na distribuciju robe, zbog globalizacije koja je već dugo prisutna i traži prilagodbe ovisno o strateškim ciljevima poduzeća i zahtjevima kupaca. Izradom matematičkih modela mogu se opisati logistički sustavi distribucije robe, te se njihovim optimiziranjem mogu dobiti logistička rješenja za unaprjeđenje funkcioniranja postojećih realnih logističkih sustava.At the present time there is a huge competition that demands from all companies constant improvement of business, such as raising the quality of products and services or rationalization of costs. This particularly applies to the distribution of goods, because of globalization which has long been present, and requires adjustment depending on the strategic goals of the company and the customer's requirements. By creating mathematical models whitch describe logistics systems of distribution of goods, and their optimization can get the logistics solutions for improving existing logistics systems

Impact of Road Marking Retroreflectivity on Machine Vision in Dry Conditions: On-Road Test

(1) Background: Due to its high safety potential, one of the most common ADAS technologies is the lane support system (LSS). The main purpose of LSS is to prevent road accidents caused by road departure or entrance in the lane of other vehicles. Such accidents are especially common on rural roads during nighttime. In order for LSS to function properly, road markings should be properly maintained and have an adequate level of visibility. During nighttime, the visibility of road markings is determined by their retroreflectivity. The aim of this study is to investigate how road markings’ retroreflectivity influences the detection quality and the view range of LSS. (2) Methods: An on-road investigation comprising measurements using Mobileye and a dynamic retroreflectometer was conducted on four rural roads in Croatia. (3) Results: The results show that, with the increase of markings’ retroreflection, the detection quality and the range of view of Mobileye increase. Additionally, it was determined that in “ideal” conditions, the minimal value of retroreflection for a minimum level 2 detection should be above 55 mcd/lx/m(2) and 88 mcd/lx/m(2) for the best detection quality (level 3). The results of this study are valuable to researchers, road authorities and policymakers

Possibilities of Optimizing Distribution Network of the Production Company by Applying Mathematical Model

U današnje vrijeme postoji ogromna konkurencija koja od svih poduzeća zahtjeva stalna unaprjeđenja poslovanja, podizanje razine kvalitete proizvoda i usluga, te racionalizaciju troškova. To se posebno odnosi na distribuciju robe, zbog globalizacije koja je već dugo prisutna i traži prilagodbe ovisno o strateškim ciljevima poduzeća i zahtjevima kupaca. Izradom matematičkih modela mogu se opisati logistički sustavi distribucije robe, te se njihovim optimiziranjem mogu dobiti logistička rješenja za unaprjeđenje funkcioniranja postojećih realnih logističkih sustava.At the present time there is a huge competition that demands from all companies constant improvement of business, such as raising the quality of products and services or rationalization of costs. This particularly applies to the distribution of goods, because of globalization which has long been present, and requires adjustment depending on the strategic goals of the company and the customer's requirements. By creating mathematical models whitch describe logistics systems of distribution of goods, and their optimization can get the logistics solutions for improving existing logistics systems

Road markings service life prediction model

Oznake na kolniku predstavljaju dio prometne signalizacije koji korištenjem i kombinacijom crta, natpisa i simbola oblikuje prometnu površinu te daje informacije vezane uz vizualno vođenje sudionika u prometu. Kako su oznake na kolniku u centralnom vidnom polju vozača, predstavljaju značajan element koji doprinosi sigurnosti prometa. Da bi oznake mogle izvršavati svoju funkciju i pridonijeti povećanju sigurnosti prometa, one moraju biti vidljive, posebno u uvjetima smanjene vidljivosti. Iz navedenih razloga vidljivost oznaka na kolniku predstavlja, za sigurnost cestovnoga prometa, njihovu najvažniju karakteristiku te se na temelju nje određuje ciklus održavanja odnosno obnavljanja oznaka na kolniku. U ovom su doktorskom radu razvijeni modeli za predviđanje trajanja oznaka na kolniku za tri najčešće korištena materijala, a to su: boje na bazi otapala, termoplastika te hladna strukturirana plastika. Istraživanje se temelji na podatcima koji su dobiveni mjerenjima vidljivosti odnosno retrorefleksije oznaka na kolniku primjenom suvremene dinamičke metode mjerenja retrorefleksije oznaka. Osim retrorefleksije, a s ciljem dobivanja točnih i preciznih modela, na temelju postojeće literature identificirani su relevantni čimbenici koji utječu na degradaciju retrorefleksije oznaka, a time i na njihovo trajanje. Ti su čimbenici sljedeći: starost i položaj oznake, prosječan godišnji dnevni promet, aktivnosti zimske službe i prosječno ograničenje brzine na cestama. Njihov je utjecaj na trajanje oznaka detaljno statistički analiziran. Istraživanje je ukupno obuhvatilo 115 oznaka koje su izvedene bojom na bazi otapala ukupne duljine 5 218 km, 30 termoplastičnih oznaka ukupne duljine 579 km te 30 oznaka koje su izvedene hladnom strukturiranom plastikom ukupne duljine 497,9 km. Na temelju statističke analize utjecaja pojedinih čimbenika na trajanje navedenih materijala za izvođenje oznaka na kolniku razvijeni su modeli predviđanja trajanja oznaka na kolniku. Razvijeni su modeli pokazali zadovoljavajuću točnost te ih se kao takve može učinkovito koristiti za optimizaciju aktivnosti održavanja oznaka na kolniku s ciljem povećanja cestovne sigurnosti i racionalizacije troškova održavanja.Road markings are part of traffic signalization that form the road surface by using and combining lines, signs and symbols and provide information concerning visual guidance to road users. Since they are positioned in the drivers’ central field of vision, road markings are an important element contributing to road safety. In order to perform their function and contribute to the increase of road safety, road markings have to be visible, especially under low visibility conditions. It is precisely for these reasons that road markings visibility represents their most important characteristic for road safety, based on which the cycle of maintenance or renewal of road markings is determined. In this doctoral thesis models have been developed to predict service life of road markings for three most frequently used materials: solventborne paint, thermoplastic and cold structural plastic. The research is based on the data obtained by measuring visibility, that is, retroreflection of road markings by means of a contemporary dynamic method for measuring road markings retroreflection. In addition to retroreflection and in order to obtain accurate and precise models, based on the existing literature, relevant factors have been identified that affect the degradation of road markings retroreflection and thus their service life. Such factors include: road marking age and position, average annual daily traffic, winter maintenance activities and average speed limit on the road. Their impact on the road markings service life has been statistically analysed in detail. The research comprised in total 115 road markings applied in solventborne paint in total length of 5 218 km, 30 thermoplastic road markings in total length of 579 km and 30 cold structural plastic road markings in total length of 497,9 km. Models for predicting the service life of road markings have been developed based on the statistical analysis of the impact of individual factors on the durability of the stated materials used for application of road markings. The developed models have shown a satisfactory accuracy and as such, they can be efficiently used to optimize road maintenance activities, ultimately aimed at increasing road safety and rationalize maintenance costs

PRAKSE KAO PREDUVJET ZA RAZVOJ PODUZEĆA

Nedostatak radne snage, odnosno ljudskih potencijala, koji će odgovoriti na sve zahtjevnije potrebe tržišnog natjecanja, postao je izazov u svim dijelovima svijeta. Bez obzira na djelatnost ili usmjerenje, kvalitetan pojedinac može birati radno mjesto, uvjete i beneficije. Upravo zbog konkurencije, postojeće zaposlenike teško je zadržati i ponuditi im optimalno okruženje kako bi dugoročno bili zadovoljni. Navedeni izazov posebno je izražen na području informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija. Iznimna potražnja za ovom strukom s jedne, te nedostatak novih stručnjaka s druge strane, uzrokovali su ozbiljnu diskrepanciju između ponude i potražnje. Financijska stimulacija već neko vrijeme nije jedini uvjet prema kojem djelatnici biraju poduzeće u kojem će ostati. Kako bi barem donekle premostili nastali jaz, a s ciljem daljnjeg širenja poslovanja, tvrtke su primorane pronalaziti novije modele razvoja djelatnika. Kao rješenje nameću se obavezne prakse koje studentu daju uvid u realno radno mjesto i njegove izazove, a poslodavcu mogućnost da budućeg djelatnika izgradi, ali i bolje upozna, te stvori dugogodišnji odnos. Kroz dubinske intervjue s nekoliko IT poduzeća, cilj rada je provjeriti koji su pozitivni primjeri u studentskim praksama, a koji su izazovi ili nedostatci. Sa studentske strane, na uzorku Veleučilišta „Lavoslav Ružička“ u Vukovaru, cilj je ispitati koliko su pojedinci spremni na praksu, te pod kojim uvjetima. Na osnovu analize rezultata, uvažavajući prednosti i nedostatke prakse, rad daje smjernice o mogućnostima studentskih praksi kao temelja za razvoj poduzeća